Number Of Tourist Arrivals To Singapore Tourism Essay

Number Of Tourist Arrivals To Singapore Tourism Essay This report was commissioned to examine why the number of tourist arrivals to Singapore has dropped over 2009 and the recommend ways of increasing the number of tourist arrivals to Singapore. Tourism is the worlds largest industry. Tourism provides governments with the substantial tax revenues as well as offers the greatest global employment prospects. Based on the Media Release from Singapore Tourism Board (STB) on 23 April 2009 and 27 October 2009, the number of tourist arrivals to Singapore has declined compared to 2008. The overall of gazetted hotel industry performance also drop compared to a year ago. The reduction of the total number of tourist arrivals to Singapore was caused by swine influenza or pig flu which attack Singapore in 2009. Another reason for the decline in number of tourist arrivals to Singapore was the global economy crisis which affected all sectors around the world. The report finds that STB can do more to attract more tourists to come and spend in Singapore. Recommendations discussed include: engage with tour operators and travel agencies in overseas practice the revenue management system in hotels promote Singapore by publishing advertisements in overseas 2. Problem Identification and Analysis According to the statistics on April 2009, from Media Release by Singapore Tourism Board (STB), the overall number of visitor arrivals to Singapore has dropped to 790,000 in March 2009, which were about 13.2% compared to the same month in 2008. The overall gazetted hotel industry performance also drop compared to 2008. The Average Room Rate (AOR) decreased by 13.1% with total 74% for March 2009. The Average Room Rate (ARR) for March 2009 was estimated at S$196, which was 18.5% decrease compared to a year ago. Revenue Per Available Room (RevPar) was reached S$145, posting a 30.9% decrease against March 2008. Hotel room revenue was expected to reach S$125 million, representing a 33.3 percentage point decrease in March 2009. Swine influenza or also called by pig flu is one of the reason which affect the reduction of total number of tourist arrivals to Singapore. As of 21 June 2009, based on Ministry of Health website, there were 142 reported human cases of swine flu in Singapore (SMF, 2009). Another key influence can be caused by the financial crisis in 2007. The global economy crisis has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, downturns in stock markets, and bailout of banks by national governments around the world. Refers to the statistics from October 2009, the visitor arrivals to Singapore registered an increase number to 799,000 or about 7.1% in September 2009. Indonesia, Peoples Republic of China, Australia, Malaysia, and India were the top five visitor-generating markets in Singapore for year 2009. The increase of total number of visitor arrivals to Singapore can be due to Formula 1 (F1) Singapore Grand Prix which was held from 25 September to 27 September 2009. F1 had attracted a lot of visitors to come to Singapore to watch and enjoy the race. The other factor that influence the total number of visitor arrivals to Singapore is the public holidays, e.g., Hari Raya holidays and Japans five days Silver Week. 3. Statement of Key problem and Issues Based on the Media Release from STB, currently there are four types of hotel tier in Singapore. The hotel tier system is used to categorise the different hotels in Singapore by STB into tiers based on a combination of factors that include location, average room rates, and product characteristics (STB, 2006). The four types of hotel tiers are economy, mid -tier, upscale, and luxury. Economy tier includes hotels in the budget segment and are generally located in outlying areas (STB, 2006). In March 2009, hotels in economy tier achieved the smallest decrease in ARR and RevPar compared to March 2008. Mid tier includes hotels which are primarily located in prime commercial zones or immediately outlying areas (STB, 2006). Hotels in mid tier recorded the highest and the least decline AOR compared to other three tiers in March 2009. The most decline AOR in March 2009 was achieved by economy tier hotels. Based on the statistics in September 2009, the AOR of all tiers increased compared to the same month last year. It was represent the growth of the total number of tourist arrivals to Singapore. Upscale tier includes hotels in the upscale segment and are generally in prime locations or hotels with boutique positioning in prime or distinctive locations (STB, 2006). Hotels in upscale tier achieved the smallest decline in RevPar and ARR in September 2009 compared to a year ago. Hotels in upscale tier also recorded the largest growth of more than 5% compared to other tiers in September 2009. This indicates that hotels in upscale tier are not having a significant impact compared to hotels in economy-tier, mid-tier, and luxury-tier. 4. Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Solutions STB can engage the tour operators and travel agencies in overseas which cooperate with Singapore to promote the Singapores tourism sector to their countries. The tour operators and travel agencies may promote Singapore by organizing either free and easy or tour packages to Singapore as the destination to spend their holidays with couple and family. Hotels also may practice the revenue management system in their hotels. Revenue management system is used in a hotel to calculate the room rates in order to maximize the revenue as well as the profit. Rooms in a hotel are the perishable products and any rooms which unsold in a night are calculated as a loss. With the revenue management system, hotels can calculate their rates to be offered to their guests. STB also can promote Singapore by publishing advertisements in the foreign countries, e.g., South Korea, Taiwan, United Kingdom, and many others. The advertisements can be used to promote the major events in Singapore in order to attract more tourists to come and visit Singapore. 5. Implementation of Recommendations STB was announced BOOST (Building On Opportunities to Strengthen Tourism) in 2009. STB provided S$90 million to help the tourism sector ride through the challenging times. The aims of BOOST are to boost the demand of tourists to travel to Singapore, the governments funding support to the tourism sector, as well as the future of the tourism sector (STB, 2006). Tourism industry will bring the multiplier effect when the money are being spend by the tourist to travel, to stay in a hotel, and to eat in a restaurant. The money is recycled by the travel agency, hotel, as well as restaurant to purchase more goods and even to hire more people. Employees of the businesses which are the local community also will spend a higher proportion of their money locally on various goods and services. In the tourism industry, each tourism segment also need to acknowledge the interdependency between the various segments of tourism, for example: lodging, travel, food service, and attraction or recreation place. With the interdependency, those businesses can create more profits by attract more tourists to come to Singapore and spend more in Singapore. For example: travel agency in Singapore can coordinate with hotel, restaurant, as well as the attraction place to provide tourists who come to Singapore by a tour package. Travel agency can create a package with a combination of air ticket, accommodation, dining, and city tour. 6. Current and Future Trends of Singapore Tourism Integrated Resort Resort World Sentosa and Marina Bay Sands are the two integrated resorts in Singapore which had opened in 2010. Resort World Sentosa was developed by Genting Singapore while Marina Bay Sands was developed by Las Vegas Sands. The completion of Resort World Sentosa and Marina Bay Sands are expected to boost the tourism sector in Singapore. Formula One (F1) Singapore Grand Prix Formula One (F1) Singapore Grand Prix is the major event in Singapore which started in 2008. The first race was held at the new Marina Bay Street Circuit and it was the first night-time event in F1 history (Wikipedia, 2010). Singapore Tourism Board (STB) was signed a five year deal with Singapore GP Pte Ltd. and Bernie Ecclestone in order to boost the tourism sector in Singapore by attract fans of F1 and foreign tourists to come to Singapore as well as enjoy the Singapores lifestyle. Great Singapore Sale (GSS) Great Singapore Sale (GSS) is an annual shopping event which organised by Singapore Retailers Association, under support from STB and Spring Singapore, in order to promote the tourism sector in Singapore. GSS is conducted in the end of May to the end of July every year in Singapore. During GSS, there are many special privileges that malls, stores, and retail companies offer to tourists, for example: late midnight shop, gourmet dining, wellness, and nightlife experience (Wikipedia, 2010). Gardens by the Bay The Gardens by the Bay is the combination of three major parks around the Marina Bay and it is expected to be complete by the end of year 2011. The three parks will be at Marina Centre, Marina South, and Marina East. Gardens by the Bay will be serving as the second Singapore botanical garden which allocate of 94 hectares of prime waterfront land for park space (Wikipedia, 2010). The expectation for the development of Gardens by the Bay is to attract more tourists to come to Singapore.

Dr.George Borg Olivier

Dr. George Borg Olivier (1950-1955, 1962-1971) | | Notary Giorgio Borg Olivier, was born in Valletta on the 5th July, 1911. He was educated at the Lyceum, Malta, and the Royal university of Malta. He graduated Doctor of Laws in 1937. In 1939 he was elected to the Council of Government. With the return of responsible Government in 1947 Dr. Borg Olivier was elected to the Legislative Assembly. In 1950 he held the post of Minister of Works and Reconstruction and the post of Minister of Education in the Government led by Dr Enrico Mizzi.He succeeded Dr Mizzi as Prime Minster and Minister of Justice on the latter's death in December 1950. After the general elections held in May 1951, Borg Olivier formed a coalition Government with the Malta Works Party. He was Head of the new Government, he retained the Ministry of Works and Reconstruction. He was again returned to office in 1953 and was Head of a Coalition Government with the Malta Worker's Party until he was defeated in 1955. From 1955 to 1958 Dr Borg Olivier was leader of Opposition.He led the delegations in June and September 1955 for the Malta Round Table Conference and in November 1958 he led a delegation for talks in London about the restoration of self-government. Following the February 1962 election, Giorgio Borg Olivier accepted to form a Government after obtaining important amendments to the Constitution. In addition to being Prime Minister, he assumed the portfolio of Minister of Economic Planning and Finance. In June he made a formal request for independence and in September of the same year he attended the Commonwealth Prime Minister's Meeting.On the 13th July, 1963, Borg Olivier headed a Government delegation for the Malta Independence Conference at the end of which it was announced that Malta would become independent. After having had a series of talks with the British Government and after preparing a Constitution for and independent Malta, which was endorsed by Parliament and approved by the people in a referendum held in February 1964, and the 21st September was set as Malta's Independence Day.On Independence Day the degree of Doctor of Literature (Honoris Causa) was conferred on Borg Olivier by the Royal University of Malta. On 25th January, 1964, Borg Olivier was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sylvester, Pope, by His Holiness Pope Paul VI. In November 1964, he was received by His Holiness Pope Paul VI and made Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX. In March 1965, he became Minister of commonwealth and Foreign Affairs in addition to his duties as Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Planning and Finance.In the General Elections held in March 1966, the Nationalist Party was again returned to power with Borg Olivier as Prime Minister and Minister of Commonwealth and Foreign Affairs. On the 14th June, 1968, Dr Borg Olivier was decorated with the Grand Cross of Merit of the Order of Malta by the Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Hospitallier Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta. Giorgio Borg Olivier married Alexandra Mattei in 1943. They have one daughter: Angela, and two sons: Alexander and Peter. Died on 29th October, 1980.

Top Tips of Social Issue

Top Tips of Social Issue The Key to Successful Social Issue There are a couple main things you will need to be aware of before you even begin picking social issues essay topics. The following are learning resources associated with social troubles. When you get a task to compose an essay on a social issue, you're given a chance to open an exciting discourse. If a job is important enough, terribly challenging though it might be, perhaps we don't have any choice except to try. Social Issue Options Keeping a continuous interest in varied social fields isn't just beneficial for staying connected to the social reality, it is likewise an advantage for businesses that are looking to stay on top of the curve. There's also no unified database for most public sector expenditures globally and so it is quite tough to measure anything on a worldwide scale. Secondly, employment service should supply the unemployed with funds to begin their own enterprise. Of course, before providing the loan, it must ensure that the borrower's business plan is competitive and meets the general requirements. Some might never effect you at all throughout your everyday life. If you're somebody who's presenting as male and your health card says female, that's not going to be a simple appointment at the physician, Abramovich explained. Which is terrifying because all of us know getting help is the ideal thing to do. You're building an image of a social issue, and you will need to bring up every potential side of the story. When you compose a social issue essay, it is very important to demonstrate your private view of the issue. Mental illness is really a serious matter. If that's the case, then you're most likely to approach that issue in the next way. Thus the racial issue is similar to the circle issue that is hard to be stopped. Social Issue: the Ultimate Convenience! Each individual is going to have to deal with their emotion in their very own way. Women and girls fac e unimaginable challenges in practically every region of the world. If a category of people is not permitted to be educated, it's not possible for them to make important contributions to society in technological, economical, and health care arenas. The global community can't tolerate such grave events,'' he explained. The abusers must receive their worthy punishment. There are various stipulations of poverty it doesn't mean an individual is lazy or undesirable for work. For instance, when any time there's a news report about a Muslim person committing a crime it's viewed as a hateful terrorist attack. A totally free society won't be achieved if we attempt to conquer it individually. The Hidden Treasure of Social Issue People in poverty need money as a way to survive there isn't other way around it. Somebody who is educated is in a position to how to make money. The Canadian Senate is even poised to modify the English lyrics of the country's anthem to ensure it is gender-n eutral. Quite simply, the majority of our citizens depend on their work, since they have to get money. How to Get Started with Social Issue? All races in America if you're in need of assistance you ought to be able to find the help you need till that person doesn't require help anymore. Besides teen pregnancy, there are a huge number of important identified social issues in america today. Lots of people from the reduce class simply are not able to afford to attend college and make a degree. Americans should take pride in the progress we've made and ought to demand our leaders keep up the fight. Child abuse causes a wide variety of issues for kids. Alcohol in Russian families leaves a vital impact instead of only women are the victims, but in addition the children. Living with a single parent can change the emotional well-being of the kid. It is crucial to recognize the warning signs a kid is being abused. Sociologists use the expression deviance to define any kind of be havior that violates social norms. Social problems often involve issues that impact the actual world. Dominant groups will need to realize that they contribute greatly to the issue. When it isn't an individual who identifies as a Caucasian or non-muslim it's always just viewed as mental health problems. Despite the fact that, there's a law for buying alcohol, it still are not able to address the alcohol difficulties. The root cause of social problems is due to unemployment, which is additionally a social problem itself. A few of the negatives effects are harm, bad performance in various activities, and sometimes even health troubles. The next bad effect due to overcrowding on inmates is behavioral troubles. Where to Find Social Issue In earlier times people believe the male will handle tech-related work better than female because of their nature. Women must be loyal to men. Some believe they have the right to control their partners, and a few of them think that women aren't equal to men. As stated by the researchers, a rise in the concentration of poverty could influence government solutions, such as health, police and education. As a consequence, social issues can be raised by the unequal distribution of funding between public schools, including that seen in the United States of america. A fourth big source of poverty in the united states is due to deficiency of education. While there are lots of reasons for poverty in the united states, we've chosen to provide you five of the greatest causes below. As among the many minorities out there, please take into account what things to consider for this situation. According to usual, both main political parties have opposing views on the issue. Despite the fact that equal opportunity and systematic exclusion are, undoubtedly, important to the comprehension of affirmative action, the most crucial principle is not yet been discussed. In Russia, as an example, a bill aimed toward decriminalizing domestic violence recently passed the very first stage of approval in parliament.

The Current Male Of Female Literacy Ratio - 1237 Words

Image waking up and being forced to work until your body was worn out, this is a reality for many girls around the world. People all around the world have tried to find a solution, but the best answer is an education. Most boy and men do not have this problem because in most cultures it is only acceptable to educate males. 62 million girls around the world are not in school. Millions more are fighting just to stay in their schools. In Pakistan, the current male to female literacy ratio is still at 65:40. An estimated 31 million girls of primary school age and 32 million girls of lower secondary school age were out of school in 2013. There are many groups that are trying to help these girls but there are also groups like the, Taliban that†¦show more content†¦They have found that most living situations improve after she gets and education. Girls in these third world countries have faced many barriers such as, early marriage, gender-based violence, domestic slavery and sex tra fficking. After educating a girl, she learns more about her rights and is less susceptible to these awful, demeaning acts of violence. Even the smallest amount of money can help a young girl get an education. $35 Is enough money to send one girl to school for a year $75 Is enough to provide safe drinking water and clean sanitation facilities for a class $300 Can give ten girls and education for a year $1,200 Can provide safe drinking water and clean sanitation facilities for a school $5,000 Can establish a classroom library $10,000 Can build a one room school house Giving all this money, can actually help these girls earn money. With girls in school, we can narrow the pay gaps between men and women. In Pakistan, with a primary education, girls can earn 51% of what men are paid, and with a secondary education, they can get 70% of what men are paid. Girls can be abused in their society daily, with an education, we can cut down the amount of, sexual harassment, and bought marriages. Girls with no education are three times as likely to marry by 18 as those with a secondary or higher education. Over 60% of child brides in developing countries have had no formal education. The time between the primary

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1285 Words

TV shows and Movies with a focus on cliques, either in high school or in the work force, are popular in our society today. For instance the movie Mean Girls is about a teenage girl moving to a new school and being recruited into a high school clique. In this clique, the members exhibit the behaviors of people experiencing the psychological phenomenon, Groupthink. Groupthink is the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility. There are eight symptoms of Groupthink- Invulnerability, Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as whe n victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectively construct rationalizations in order to discount warnings and other forms of negative feedback that, taken seriously, might lead the group members to reconsider their assumptions each time they recommit themselves to past decisions. An illustration of this symptom is first presented in Act 1 of The Crucible when Reverend Parris tries warn Abigail. Parris discloses, â€Å" Now look you, child, your punishment will come in it’s time. But ifShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiencesRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesplays that came from the 1950s was Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. During a time when the U.S. was worried of communism taking over, Miller released The Crucible, which helped to capture the hysteria that was occurring. The play presents itself as a metaphor for the House of Un-American Activities Committee that was created during the Cold War when communism was spreading, but Miller never actually referenced it in the play. Although Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is set in the la te 1600s, it offers

English Football and Its Economy Free Essays

Introduction In English 92 professional football clubs are registered in 4 divisions. There are 20 clubs in the Premiership League, which is the first division league, below Premiership League, there is a League called Championship League, which is the second division league and there are 24 teams, the third division league is called League One even though it is not the first division and there are also 24 clubs, and the bottom league is called League Two and 24 teams are registered. Today, it is said that the English Premiership League is the wealthiest league in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on English Football and Its Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you are football lover Roman Abramovich is the name you would certainly know, who is one of the most famous owners in England or even in the world. He was named Person of the Year in 2003, and now he is ninth richest person in Russia and fifty-third richest in the world. He is estimated to have had invested in Chelsea Football Club more than 440 million pounds since he took over in June 2003 until January 2006. Moreover, Abramovich spent 50 million pounds for a record British transfer fee on Spanish footballer Fernando Torres in January this year. There was also big takeover of the club ownership in August 2008. Manchester City Football Club was purchased by Abu Dhabi United Group who is a United Arab equity company owned by Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, member of the Abu Dhabi Royal Family and Minister of Presidential Affairs for the UAE. After the takeover they immediately signed high profile players such as Robinho for a British record of 32. 5 million pounds at that time. Following year Manchester City spent more than 100 million pounds on players. For one of the most famous football club Manchester United Football Club, they are ranked the third richest football club in the world. English football is not all about money. Of course the quality of football is undoubtedly at the top level but what is making English football more exciting is football fans in England. It is said that the football fans are very passionate and fanatical. On the other hand, their excessive passion towards their local football club sometimes make things very dangerous. Their excessive acts eventually lead to hooliganism. 1985, there was a controversial incident in Brussels when Liverpool Football Club played against Italian team Juventus in Champions League, and 39 people were killed and 400 people were injured in this tragedy. In this case study, we will look deep into the economy of major football clubs such as Chelsea and Manchester United as well as Manchester City. We will also look into history of hooliganism. Introduction of Professional English Football As it is briefly explained in Introduction, Professional English Football League is formed with ninety-two clubs divided in four leagues. There are twenty teams in the top league, English Premiership, the Premiership clubs are as follow: Arsenal Football Club, Aston Villa Football Club, Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Bolton Wanderers Football Club, Chelsea Football Club, Everton Football Club, Fulham Football Club, Liverpool Football Club, Manchester City Football Club, Manchester United Football Club, Newcastle United Football Club, Norwich City Football Club, Queen’s Park Rangers Football Club, Stoke City Football Club, Sunderland Association Football Club, Swansea City Football Club, Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, West Bromwich Albion Football Club, Wigan Athletic Football Club, and Wolverhampton Wanderers Manchester United won the league in 10-11 season. On the other hand, there was an intense relegation battle in Premiership League. In Premiership League regulation, three teams automatically go down to the league below, which is Championship League. Bottom three of season 10-11 were West Ham United Football Club, Blackpool Football Club, and Birmingham City Football Club For the Championship League, there are twenty-four teams, the teams who belong to Championship League season 11-12 are: Barnsley Football Club, Birmingham City Football Club, Black Pool Football Club, Brighton Hove Albion Football Club, Bristol City Football Club, Burnley Football Club, Cardiff City Football Club, Coventry City Football Club, Crystal Palace Football Club, Derby County Football Club, Doncaster Rovers Football Club, Hull City Football Club, Ipswich Town Football Club, Leeds United Football Club, Leicester City Football Club, Middlesbrough Football Club, Millwall Football Club, Nottingham Forest Football Club, Peterborough United Football Club, Portsmouth Football Club, Reading Football Club, Southampton Football Club, Watford Football Club, and West Ham United Football Club For the League 1, there are also twenty-four teams, the teams in League 1 are: Association Football Club Bournemouth, Brentford Football Club, Bury Football Club, Carlisle United Football Club, Charlton Athletic Football Club, Chesterfield Football Club, Colchester United Football Club, Exeter City Football Club, Hartlepool United Football Club, Huddersfield Town Football Club, Leyton Orient Football Club, Milton Keynes Dons Football Club, Notts County Football Club, Oldham Athletic Association Football Club, Preston North End Football Club, Rochdale Association Football Club, Scunthorpe United Football Club, Sheffield United Football Club, Sheffield Wednesday Football Club, Stevenage Football Club, Tranmere Rovers Football Club, Walsall Football Club, Wycombe Wanderers Football Club, and Yeovil Town Football Club For the League 2, again, there are also twenty-four teams, the teams in the League 2 are: Association Football Club Wimbledon, Accrington Stanley Football Club, Aldershot Town Football Club, Barnet Football Club, Bradford City Association Football Clu b, Bristol Rovers Football Club, Burton Albion Football Club, Cheltenham Town Football Club, Crawley Town Football Club, Crewe Alexandra Football Club, Dagenham Redbridge Football Club, Gillingham Football Club, Hereford United Football Club, Macclesfield Town Football Club, Morecambe Football Club, Northampton Town Football Club, Oxford United Football Club, Plymouth Argyle Football Club, Port Vale Football Club, Rotherham United Football Club, Shrewsbury Town Football Club, Southend United Football Club, Swindon Town Football Club, and Torquay United Football Club History Of Hooliganism in football The hooliganism in football is said to be first introduced around 1960’s. Historical hooligans were called â€Å"roughs†. They caused trouble at matches throughout the 19th century. Some extreme cases the roughs attacked referees and visiting players. In the 60’s football as a sport began to get more media attention, so did the fights and disorder. In the 60’s hooligans were more organized than it is today. We do not see outrageous incident frequently nowadays. European Cup final in 1985, when Liverpool against Italian side Juventus at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium, 39 fans mostly Italian were killed. English clubs were banned from participating in European Cup for five years, and Liverpool were initially banned for 10 years but later reduced to six years. 14 of Liverpool fans received conviction for involuntary manslaughter. What Makes A Person Hooligan Name of hooligan is said to come from the Irish word â€Å"houlie†, which means a wild and spirited party. Definition of hooligans is quite vague, this is because the word â€Å"hooligan† was created by media in 60’s. On the dictionary, it is stated â€Å"rough and lawless youth†. However, this statement does not really explain who the hooligans are in football. Hooligans come to watch the game with extremely strong local prides. This kind of extreme fans does not appreciate away fans to come in to their local territories. Hooligans usually have strong feelings towards their supporting club. On top of that, hooligans love and enjoy to be involved in football disorder that they come to matches with intention of riot, which they think it cool to do. Most of the times, the incidents happen before or after the matches on the street or in pubs. There are three types of hooligans: 1. Hooligans who come to a match with intention of vandalizing. 2. Hooligans who do not make themselves get involved in actual violence but set up commotion. 3. Hooligans who do not start a riot by themselves but get involved in a riot by seeing others are doing so. From our point of view, hooligans are who disrupt the peace of matches and vandalize both away fans and policemen, and properties around and inside the stadium such as cars, pubs, and houses. In terms of organized violence between hooligan gangs, a feeling of community, tribalism, and enjoyment of being involved in disorder are obviously in evidence. Can The Football Hooliganism Be Defeated The approach taken by the British authorities to reducing football hooliganism has been largely reactive: Increasing sophisticated policing, surveillance and monitoring techniques, segregation of fans, and restriction on alcohol etc. The British Government has also introduced specific legislation to cover acts of hooliganism. While such measures are evident elsewhere in Europe, the German, Dutch, and Belgian authorities, in particular, have been more proactive in their approach to the problem. The development of a scheme called â€Å"fan’s coaching† appears to have had an impact on levels of violence in certain areas. There is, however, a general lack of initiative from the major football clubs in Europe. While German clubs are involved to an extent in the â€Å"fan coaching† schemes, elsewhere there is little contact between club officials and the fan groups. For instance, Urawa Reds have a strong bond between club officials and supporters. It is suggested that local â€Å"fan’s forums†, which allow genuine dialogue between officials and supporters may help to reduce some of the problems. Causes Football hooliganism and the ‘ultras’ movement are too complex to be attributed to one cause only, yet there are several ways that lead down the path of violence. Most hooligan organizations are located in poor neighborhoods, where people have less opportunity for entertainment and they choose to go to football matches. Troubled with their lives, they prefer to spill their rage and anger on the pitch and on the stands instead of try and work on achieving more. A common cause for hooliganism in the past was alcohol but nowadays no professional club allows any kind of alcohol to be sold at the stadium or in a radius of several hundred meters. Another reason while people go wild during football games is city rivalries. The so-called derbies are often filled with a lot of excitement and tension and the losing team’s supporters are not happy to see their team sink. There are also organized gangs called football firms that go to matches with the single purpose of fighting with other firms from the city rivals. Conclusion English football industry is very active in terms of the movement of money on players’ transfers. As it has been mentioned, after the take-over of Manchester City Football Club in 2008, Abu Dhabi United Group has invested more than 44o million pounds on players. For the first transfer window, which was in summer 2008 after the take-over, Manchester City spent almost 79 million pounds. Following summer they spent almost twice as much of 120 million pounds. Last summer they spent around 90 million pounds. Having been taken over Manchester City have been better and better as a team. They finished 3rd last season, which means they are qualified to play at Champions League. The Background of Chelsea Football Club seem to be similar to Manchester City. Chelsea were purchased by Roman Abramovich who is a Russian Billionaire. Since the take-over in June 2003, Abramovich is estimated to have spent about 475 million pounds. On the first season for Abramovich Chelsea finished second in Premiership, and they concrete themselves as regular in top three. Next season Chelsea won the first league champion honour under new owner within two seasons. After the take-over by Abrmovich Chelsea have won three champion titles in total and they compete in Champions League every year. Unlike these two clubs, Arsenal have different kind of ownership. Arsenal’s parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operate as non-quoted public limited company. They have comparatively small amount of budget they can use on transfers. Each season Arsenal has been spending 10 million pounds. However, Arsenal is undoubtedly successful in terms of quality of football and players. The reason for this is that Arsenal have good eyes on prospective young players. Arsenal have been successful on players without investing enormous amount of money to win the title. Thiery Henry, Cesc Fabregas, and Jack Willshere are all grew under Arsenal manager Arsene Weger. In 03-04 season they managed to win the title, but one game at either Premiership or Champions League, starting players were all foreign players from outside the U. K. They had good young talents but from outside home country. There may be impression if the club is wealthy they can buy star players and they can eventually win the league. Like Manchester City and Chelsea they have been successful on transfers, they can relatively buy any player unless players’ attached clubs refuse to negotiate. However, before it was only Chelsea who used to be rich as a club many expensive players went to Chelsea because of high salary but today, after Manchester City’s take-over Chelsea and Manchester city seem to be in competition. There are also other foreign owners in Premiership, for instance, Aston Villa is now in hand of Randy Lerner who is also the owner of American Football team in America. Liverpool was also sold to New England Sports Ventures. Premiership seems such an attractive field in terms of business for foreigners. On the other hand, there are many clubs that go into administration. Crystal Palace and Portsmouth are the good example. Portsmouth went into administration during 09-10 season they were deducted nine points. Crystal Palace also went into administration last year and deducted ten points from Championship League. Premiership is said to be the richest League in the world, however, at the same time there is always a chance to fail big time as well. Media is always on hoe the money is moving within football field, but we have to see football substantially and know football is not all about money. Hooliganism Conclusion We have learned that many clubs are taking actions to combat this problem. This may be because if the supporters cause some incidents, destroy properties and injure people, that club will be heavily fined, and for the worst case, they would be banned to participate in a competition. As I have mentioned earlier, 1960’s was the peak of football hooliganism. It can be seen that actions taken by clubs has been successful, however, it is still difficult to zero the hooligans. Hooliganism is a part of the culture for British in particular. Furthermore, as long as the exaggerated media report this extent of football disorder excessively, there would still be people who will be influenced by it. How to cite English Football and Its Economy, Papers

Information Reported By Romanian Companies -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Information Reported By Romanian Companies? Answer: Introduction The Australian Auditing Standards assist the auditors pertaining to the results of audit processes to accomplish the goals of auditing. In this context, some of the standards suggested by AASB are ASA 315, ASA 570 and ASA 701. While ASA 315 states the Identification and Assessing the Risks of Material Mismanagement through Understanding the entity and its Environment. It describes the responsibility of the auditors to assess the entity through reviewing its internal atmosphere and governing measures. ASA 570 is related with the auditing of the financial statements regarding the matters relating to the organizations survival as a successful concern. ASA 701 deals with the auditors responsibility to mention the crucial matters of audit in relation to the analyzed risk as per ASA 315 and ASA 570 in the auditors report (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2016). In the following report, the above mentioned auditing standards would be applied by evaluating the financial reports of Bega Cheese Limited by the Independent Auditors PricewaterhouseCoopers. The results of the interpretations are also mentioned in this report. Bega Cheese Limited is an operations which deals in dairy products. Its headquarters are situated in Australian town Bega, New South Wales. It is amongst the biggest dairy companies in Australia. Its value is around AS$ 775 Million as of January, 2017. It deals in cheese and cheese products under its flagship brand Bega.It has the share of around 15.7 % of the Australian retail cheese market. The other products of this company are powdered milk and nutritional products manufactured under Bega Bio nutrients brand (Bega Cheese Limited, 2018). Price Waterhouse Coopers, the auditors of the company are one of the largest firms providing professional services across the world. They are one of the Big Four auditors and the second largest provider of consultancy services internationally. Their services comprise of Assurance, advisory, legal consultancy, Actuarial and management consulting. They have employed around 236000 employees as in 2017 and operate in 157 countries and 743 locations (PWC Australia, 2018). Assessment of the risk associated with Substantial Mismanagement as per ASA 315 According to ASA 315, the auditors should evaluate and recognize the risk of material misstatements in the financial reports of the company. The auditors review the environment of the organization including its internal control. It helps them in designing the responses to the assessed risk of material mismanagement (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2013). The threats and the key audit matters as mentioned above are as follows: Financial Risks: The Company is exposed to various financial risks such as market risk which includes currency risk, interest rate risk and price risk. It also comprises of credit risk and liquidity risk. Since the company faces fluctuations in the financial market ,so it attempts to nullify the effect on its performance (Bega Cheese Limited, 2015).The various risks are defined as under: Market Risk: The organization is confronted to market risk due to the variations in the value of foreign currency and interest rate movements. It arises due to sale and purchase of goods in other countries. The foreign exchange risk emerges due to future commercial transactions and assets and liabilities which are designated in currencies of the other countries from which they are acquired. So, the company is facing the foreign exchange risk relating to the trade receivables amounting to US$ 19.429 Million and the trade payables amounting to US$ 3.689 Million in the FY 2016. The trade receivables exposed to foreign exchange risk amounted to US$ 25.911 Million in FY 2015. The interest rate risk arises due to long term borrowings issued and borrowed by the company at fluctuating and fixed rates. In FY 2015, the company was exposed to Interest rate risk amounted to AUS$ 58.216 Million while in 2016, it amounted to AUS$ 52.842 Million (Bega Cheese Limited, 2016). The company is exposed to equity securities price risk originating from the investments held by the company in listed companies. The company is facing the risk of material mismanagement as the management can manipulate the data of foreign currency transactions and exposures, in the financial statements (Shinde, Stone Willems, 2013). Credit Risk: It occurs when the creditors do not satisfy their financial commitments, arising in the financial loss to the company is termed as Credit risk. The company is exposed to credit risk arising due to cash and cash equivalents, derivatives, deposits with the bank and credit exposures to the customers. There is a risk of material mismanagement as the management can mismanage the quantum of risk which it has set for each bank or customer (Bazley, Hancock Robinson, 2014). The company is facing the credit risk exposure amounting to AUD$ 128.53 Million in FY 2015 and it was exposed to credit risk of AUD$ 152.55 Million in FY 2016. Liquidity Risk: It arises when the organization does not satisfy its financial commitments as and when they arise is termed as Liquidity risk. The company is facing the risk of material misstatement as the management can misappropriate the statistics of the assets which are meant to be liquidated as and when the need to fulfill the financial obligation arises (Tasios Bekiaris, 2012). Closed Group disclosure: Bega Cheese and Tatura Milk have entered a deed of cross guarantee in which the company guarantees the debt of the other company. The Tatura milk has now been dismissed from the need of preparing the financial statements as per Class Order 98/1418 issued by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Foreign Currency Translation: The financial statements are prepared using the home currency. The foreign currency translation is converted into the home currency using the exchange rate for the relevant period. It may result in the variations in the exchange rates having an impact on the companys net assets, profit and other values. The management can mishandle the data related to the exchange rates (Silviu Timea, 2015). The profit earned by the company in the FY 2015 amounted to AUS$ 12.41 Million whereas in FY 2016, it amounted to AUS$ 28.78 Million. In FY 2015 the property, plant and equipment amounted to AUS$ 209.71 Million whereas in FY 2016, they amounted to AUS$ 219.95 Million. The inventories valued to AUS$ 194.89 Million in FY 2015 whereas in FY 2016, it valued to AUS$ 192.40 Million. The net debt of the company in the FY 2015 amounted to AUS$ 58.69 Million whereas in FY 2016, it amounted to AUS$ 53.08 Million. The equity of the company amounted to AUS$ 312.67 Million whereas in FY 2016, it amounted to AUS$ 327.84 Million (Bega Cheese Limited, 2016). The share price of the company is AUS$ 7.07 per share. One year change in the share price of the company is estimated to be 32.15 % amounting to be AUS$ 9.34 (Financial Times, 2018). So, there is rise in the profits as well as in the share price of the company, which is a positive sign for the growth of the company. Auditors Assessment pertaining to the areas associated with the risk of substantial mismanagement as per ASA570. The auditors assessed the market risk as per ASA 570 and perceived measures implemented by the management to diminish them. Some of them were as follows: Augustine et al. (2013) suggests that to mitigate the foreign exchange risk, sensitivity analysis technique, cash flow forecasting and forward contracts are adopted by the management. Interest rate swaps are used to reduce the interest rate risk. Around 30-80 % of the foreign currency exposures are hedged in respect of 12 months estimated sales. The management reviews the equity securities price risk to lessen the risks associated with the business of the company. The management permits only independently rating parties with a minimum AA rating regarding banks and financial institutions to manage credit risks. For the consumers, their credit obligations are dependent on the financial position, past experience and other aspects. Credit insurance is applied for the international debtors and some Australian customers. The company maintains sufficient cash and marketable securities to reduce the liquidity risk. It observes and controls the forecast and real cash flows along with matching maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities. Foreign exchange profits and losses resulting from foreign currency translations are regulated through hedging techniques (Griffiths, 2016). The impact on the audit of important transactions which occurred during the period As per ASA 701(Para 9), auditors take the decisions pertaining to the important audit matters which are related to managerial activities. They assess the areas related to higher risk of material misstatements according to ASA 315(Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2015). It also comprises of judgment of the auditors related to the areas in the financial report especially accounting estimates which are prone to high valuation ambiguity. With reference to Bega Cheese Limited, the impact on the audit of important audit transactions is as follows: Due to market risk, the organization can face risk of foreign currency variations and interest rate movements. It exports its products and deals in US Dollar and Euro. Capital equipment, raw materials and packaging are also purchase internationally. Due to this, it confronts variations in the foreign exchange rates and interest rates, resulting in the threats of increased prices at the time of payment of the final amounts. Due to the volatility in the interest rates in the international markets, the company has to pay more cash at the time of payment. Due to credit risk, the company has to suffer with cash outflows as the counterparty may not fulfill its financial commitments. The company may not satisfy its financial obligations resulting in liquidity risk. Due to variations in the foreign exchange rates, the firm can be confronted with the threat of foreign currency translation. It can be due to decrease in the value of monetary assets and liabilities resulting in the loss to the firm (Gelbstein, 2016). The profit of the company has risen from AUS$ 12.41 Million in 2015 to AUS$ 28.78 Million in 2016. It has noted an increase of AUS$16.37 Million, so the company is progressing towards achieving its goal. Simultaneously, the property, plant and machinery of the entity has increased from AUS$ 209.71 Million in 2015 to AUS$ 219.95 Million in 2016, thereby noting an increase of AUS $10.24 Million. The inventory has reduced from AUS$ 194.89 Million to AUS$ 192.40 Million. It has noted a reduction of AUS$2.49 Million. It means that the sales are at a faster rate and the stock doesnt stays longer in the finished goods section which is a good sign for the company. The net debt of the company has decreased from AUS$ 58.69 Million to AUS$ 53.08 Million which means that there are fewer loans for the company to repay. Also the equity has increased from AUS$ 312.67 Million to AUS$ 327.84 Million. It denotes that the owned funds are more than owed funds. The net debt to equity ratio has decreased from 19 % to 16 % (Bega Cheese Limited, 2016). The future estimate of the share price of the company is 32.15 % growth in the upcoming one year, which is a positive sign for the growth of the company (Financial Times, 2018). Events having influence on the entitys capability to survive as a successful entity As per ASA 570, the accounts of the company are prepared assuming that it would be able to survive in the future, except that the managerial personnel stops its commercial undertakings when it has no other alternative left (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2015).The discretion of the management if the company would be able to survive in the future, is dependent upon variety of aspects. The environment of the industry in which it operates, its complications, the nature of management, the uncertainty of the events are some of the factors which influence its capacity to continue as a successful concern in the future. It also affects the decision making of the managerial personnel. Where it seems that the company cannot carry on its transactions continuously, it may not survive successfully as a going concern (Mironiuc, Robu Robu, 2012). The risks confronted by Bega Cheese Limited, including market risk, foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk and equity securities price risk does not impact its capacity to survive as a successful entity as it has executed future contracts and forward foreign currency contracts to safeguard itself from exchange rate risks. For safeguarding against the credit risk confronted by the company, it has adopted certain procedures relating to holding the title of the debtors, unless full payment is received by them. For trade receivables, it has safeguarded its reserves in case the counterparty may not be able to fulfill its commitments. As a result, it cannot impact its capacity to survive as a successful entity in the future. To safeguard itself from liquidity risk and foreign currency translation risk, the organization has executed the hedging techniques as cash flow hedges to protect its funds company from threats of foreign currency fluctuations (Baldauf, Steckel Steller, 2015). Conclusions Thus to conclude, the aim of the auditors is to assess the financial documents of the company and state their observations regarding the progress and risks of substantial misstatements of the entity. They must execute assuring that the financial statements does not project any probability of misconduct and errors .It may affect the companys capability to survive as a successful concern in the future (Robu Robua, 2015). Auditing comprises of various steps such as accumulation of information in relation to the transactions of the company and its internal administration. It comprises of analyzing the genuineness and reliability of the financial transactions of the company. These are verified with the help of evidences at the operating level and through its books of accounts. If the auditors find some mistakes or frauds, then they suggest the methodology to correct as well as control them to stop their occurrence in the future. The staff that is responsible for committing the fraud or errors should be severely penalized to stop the occurrence in the future. Also, training sessions should be conducted on an ongoing basis for the personnel to train them for proper implementation of the policies and procedures regarding accounting estimations and to prevent frauds ( Kirogo, Ngahu Wagoki,2014). The auditors conducted the audit of Bega Cheese Limited, which is one of the largest entities on ASX. It has acted in accordance with the applicable Australian Auditing Standards. The auditors have reviewed the crucial transactions of the organization on the basis of the Australian Auditing Standards. They have suggested appropriate methods to rectify the accounting policies adopted by the company in its areas of operations. References Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (2015) Auditing Standard ASA 701 Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditors Report [online]. Available https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_701_2015.pdf [Accessed 24th January, 2018]. Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (2015) Auditing Standard ASA 570 Going Concern [online]. Available https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_570_2015.pdf [Accessed 24th January, 2018]. Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (2016) Australian Auditing Standards [online]. Available https://www.auasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Australian-Auditing-Standards.aspx [Accessed 23rd January, 2018]. Auditing and Assurance Standards Board(2013) Auditing Standard ASA 315 Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment[online]. Available https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/Nov13_Compiled_Auditing_Standard_ASA_315.pdf [Accessed 23rd January, 2018]. Augustine, Enofe,O., Mgbame, C., L. , Odeyile ,G. Kuegbe,K. (2013) Impact of Audit Evidence on Auditors Report. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting.4(13),pp. 92-99. Baldauf, J., Steckel, R. Steller, M. (2015) The Influence of Audit Risk and Materiality Guidelines on Auditors Planning Materiality Assessment. Accounting and Finance Research. 4(4). Bazley, M., Hancock, P. Robinson, P. (2014) Contemporary Accounting: A Strategic Approach for Users. Cengage Learning Australia. Bega Cheese Limited (2015) Annual Report 2015 [online]. Available https://www.begacheese.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/04-2015-ANNUAL-REPORT.pdf [Accessed 23rd January, 2018]. Bega Cheese Limited (2016) Annual Report 2016 [online]. Available https://www.begacheese.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/00-Bega-Cheese-2016-Annual-Report_interactive.pdf [Accessed 23rd January, 2018]. Financial Time (2018) Equities [online]. Available https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/forecasts?s=BGA:ASX [Accessed 24th January, 2018]. Gelbstein,E.(2016) IS Audit Basics: Auditing IS/IT Risk Management, Part 2. ISACA Journal.3. Griffiths, P. (2016) Risk-Based Auditing. New York: CRC Press. Kirogo, F. K. , Ngahu, S. Wagoki, J.(2014) Effect of Risk- Based Audit on Financial Perfomance: A Survey of Insurance Companies in Nakuru Town, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM).16(10). Mironiuc, M., Robu, L. B. Robu,M. A.(2012)The Fraud Auditing: Empirical Study Concerning the Identification of the Financial Dimensions of Fraud. Journal of Accounting and Auditing: Research Practice.2012. Olamide, O., Uwalomwa, U. Ranti ,U.O.(2015) The Effect of Risk Management on Banks Financial Performance in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Auditing: Research Practice.2015. PWC Australia (2018) About Us [online]. Available https://www.pwc.com.au/about-us.html [Accessed 23rd January, 2018]. Robu, M. A. Robua, I. B.( 2015) The influence of the audit report on the relevance of accounting information reported by listed Romanian companies. Procedia Economics and Finance.20(2015),pp. 562 570. Shinde, J.S., Stone, T. Willems, J.( 2013) The Self-Fulfilling Prophecys Effect on an Auditors Issuance of a Going Concern Opinion. Journal of Accounting and Auditing: Research Practice.2013. Silviu, C.G. Timea, F. M.(2015) New audit reporting challenges: auditing the going concern basis of accounting. Procedia Economics and Finance. 32(2015), pp. 216-224. Tasios, S. Bekiaris, M.( 2012) Auditors perceptions of financial reporting quality: the case of Greece. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting. 2(1), pp. 57-74.